Publications
All peer reviewed publications are listed below.
Displaying page 21 of 24.
Further evidence relating to the distinction between specific reading retardation and general reading backwardness | 1987
Share, D.L., McGee, R., McKenzie,
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British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1987, 5(5), 35-44.
Our ref: RO79
This paper presented data in support of the view that there should be no distinction between specific reading retardation and general reading backwardness. It argues that under-achievement should be treated as a continuum.
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DSM III disorders in preadolescent children: Prevalence in a large sample from the general population | 1987
Anderson, J., Williams, S.M., McGee,
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Archives of General Psychiatry, 1987, 44(44), 69-76.
Our ref: RO65
We investigated the prevalence of previous DSM-III disorders in 792 children aged 11 years from the general population and found an overall prevalence of disorder of 17.6% with a sex ratio (boys-girls) of 1.7:1. The most prevalent disorders were attention deficit, oppositional, and separation anxiety disorders, and the least prevalent were depression and social phobia. Conduct disorder, overanxious disorder, and simple phobia had intermediate prevalences. Pervasive disorders, reported by more than one source, had an overall prevalence of 7.3%. Examination of background behavioral data disclosed that children identified at 11 years as having multiple disorders had a history of behavior problems since 5 years of age on parent and teacher reports. Fifty-five percent of the disorders occurred in combination with one or more other disorders, and 45% as a single disorder.
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Relationships between airway responsiveness, atopy and childhood asthma; a longitudinal study [Abstract] | 1987
Sears, M.R., Holdaway, M.D., Hewitt,
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American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 1987, 135(135), A380 .
Our ref: RO123
This paper reported relationships between airway responsive-ness following a methacholine inhalation, wheezing and asthma. The paper concluded that childhood asthma is not always associated with airway hyper-responsiveness, that hyper-responsiveness, if present, is not necessarily constant even if symptoms persist, but that persistent hyper-responsiveness is almost invariably associated with symptomatic asthma.
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Etiological factors influencing the prevalence of developmental defects of dental enamel in nine-year-old New Zealand children participating in a health and development study | 1987
Suckling, G.W., Herbison, G.P., Brown,
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Journal of Dental Research, 1987, 66(66), 1466-1469.
Our ref: RO104
Over 1000 children, participating in a longitudinal study of health and development, possess documented medical histories based on birth records and regular assessments starting at age 3. A dental examination at age 5 of 923 participants recorded their exposure to fluoride and evidence of trauma to the deciduous teeth. The prevalence of developmental defects of dental enamel in 696 of the children when aged 9 was reported as 56% (Suckling et al., 1985). For the present study, a number of illnesses, accidents, and other experiences were selected from the recorded information as possible etiological factors for any defect, demarcated and diffuse opacities, and hypoplasia. Despite extensive statistical testing, positive and strong associations were few. The prevalence of hypoplasia, seen in 15% of the sample, was higher in those children who had chicken pox before age 3 and, as reported previously, in those children with a history of trauma to their deciduous incisors. This study illustrates the difficulty of establishing the etiology of enamel defects, even when medical and dental histories are available.
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Frequency of injury events in New Zealand compared with the distribution of E codes | 1987
Langley, J.D.
Methods of Information in Medicine, 1987, 26(26), 89-92.
Our ref: RO102
This paper compares the frequency of injury events resulting in death or hospitalisation in New Zealand in 1982 compared with the distribution of the International Classification of Diseases E-codes. Recommendations are made suggesting how the E-code could be improved to more closely reflect the distribution of injury events and to provide information more relevant to injury prevention.
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Patterns of sports participation of Dunedin eleven-year-olds: A descriptive study | 1986
Russell, D.G., Isaac, A.
New Zealand Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 1986, 19(19), 8-10.
Our ref: NZ49
This paper describes 11-year-old boys' and girls' participation in sports and the age they began to play the sports.
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Dental research in a health and development study | 1986
Brown, R.H.
New Zealand Dental Journal, 1986, 82(82), 102-105.
Our ref: NZ45
The discipline of epidemiology includes the study of patterns of disease and the association of disease with demographic, biological, sociological, and behavioural characteristics in a population. Within the discipline there are several distinct research designs which can be applied to determine the nature and extent of disease, to develop hypotheses about causation, and to test such hypotheses through experimentation. Some of the correlates of ill health are not, however, readily amenable to experimental or intervention study. Behind those factors contributing to the causation of disease on the one hand, and the prevention of disease and the promotion of health on the other, are a number of complex determinants which include socio-economic status and the factors contributing to that state, social influences on behaviour of particular groups within society, and personal and family beliefs about self-image and control over one's health'. These are factors which bear directly on life-style or life events, or affect the social structure of a community or nation, and are thus difficult to manipulate experimentally. In such circumstances, the cohort study can be of particular value for studying the influence of these variables on the prevalence and incidence of a wide variety of parameters. By following a group of subjects over a long period, it is possible to study the subjects in considerable depth, to examine associations, and to test hypotheses in a prospective manner. Cohort studies involving dental health are not common. Even more uncommon in dentistry are cohort studies of a multidisciplinary nature in which data from a variety of sources can be applied to problems in dental health or dental care. The Nymegen Growth Study, in which the dental input has been largely but not exclusively centred on craniofacial growth and orthodontic considerations, is a notable example of dental involvement in multidisciplinary longitudinal research. The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study is a further research programme in which dental health has been integrated with an extensive range of investigations of a large cohort.
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Preventing children's burns: Legislation and fabric flammability | 1986
McLoughlin, E., Langley, J.D., Laing,
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New Zealand Medical Journal, 1986, 99(99), 804-807.
Our ref: NZ44
This paper described a study of national figures on hospitalisation for treatment of clothing ignition burns. It also reported a study of children's nightwear and home sewing practices. A number of findings with regard to the prevention of children's burns were reported.
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Blood Lead Levels in 579 Dunedin Eleven Year Old Children: A report from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Unit | 1986
Silva, P.A., Hughes, P., Faed,
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New Zealand Medical Journal, 1986, 99(99), 179-183.
Link to full publication »
Our ref: NZ43
Blood lead levels were determined for 579 eleven year old children. The range of blood lead levels was from 0.19 to 2.41 mumol/l with a geometric mean of 0.49 mumol/l (geometric SD 0.07) and an arithmetic mean of 0.54 mumol/l (arithmetic SD 0.24). Two children had levels above 1.45 mumol/l. There was no significant correlation between blood lead levels and socio-economic status. Ten children with elevated blood lead levels (greater than 1.11 mumol/l) were reassessed and the results from all but one child had returned to a lower level. In nine out of ten of these cases recent inside paint stripping activities had been carried out in the child's home.
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The relationship between specific reading retardation, general reading backwardness and behavioural problems in a large sample of Dunedin boys: a longitudinal study from five to eleven years | 1986
McGee, R., Williams, S.M., Share,
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Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1986, 27(27), 597-610.
Our ref: RO83
Parent and teacher reports of behaviour problems were obtained at ages 5, 7, 9 and 11 years for three groups of boys: specific reading retarded (N = 18), general reading backward (N = 22), and those with no severe reading disability (N = 436). At school entry, both groups of reading disabled boys were reported as having more behaviour problems, and the level of problems increased during their early school years. The results suggest that behaviour problems pre-date reading disability, while reading failure further exacerbates the existing problem behaviour.
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Cognitive correlates of depressive symptoms in eleven year old children | 1986
McGee, R., Anderson, J., Williams,
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Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1986, 14(14), 517-524.
Our ref: RO82
Self-reports of depressive symptoms were obtained for 792 11-year-old New Zealand children using a structured interview. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that depressive symptomatology in children is associated with impairment on cognitive tasks. The results did not support this hypothesis. Depression was unrelated to performance on various subscales of the WISC-R, whereas self-reported inattention was associated with poor performance. Depressive symptoms, however, were significantly related to lower self-esteem and a poorer self-perception of scholastic ability.
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Some audiological, psychological, educational, and behavioural characteristics of children with bilateral otitis media with effusion: A longitudinal study | 1986
Silva, P.A., Chalmers, D.J., Stewart,
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Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1986, 19(19), 165-169.
Our ref: RO77
This is a longitudinal extension of the study described in RO19. It describes the development from age 3 to 11 of children with bilateral otitis media with effusion at age 5 in terms of intelligence, language development, speech articulation, reading and behaviour problems.
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Swimming experiences and abilities of nine year olds | 1986
Langley, J.D., Silva, P.A.
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 1986, 20(20), 39-41.
Our ref: RO75
As part of a longitudinal study of children, 941 mothers were asked to report on their childrens' swimming experiences and abilities. At age nine, twenty-nine per cent of the children could swim only a few strokes or not at all. A disproportionate number of children who could swim more than a few strokes came from high socio-economic backgrounds, from families where one or more of the parents could swim, and which scored higher on an index of active recreational orientation. There were no significant sex differences in swimming ability. There were 97 incidents reported where a child had been in difficulties while in water and had to be rescued. The importance of collecting data on such incidents is discussed.
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Non co-operation of preschoolers [Letter] | 1986
McGee, R., Silva, P.A.
Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine , 1986, 140(140), 8-9.
Our ref: RO69
Letter in response to Schmitt, 1984 (Am J Dis Child, 138:443-446) describing some of the later characteristics of children who failed to co-operate in a neurological examination conducted when they were three years of age.
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The stability and classification of specific reading retardation: a longitudinal study from age seven to eleven | 1986
Share, D.L., Silva, P.A.
British Journal of Educational Psychology, 1986, 56(56), 32-39.
Our ref: RO67
SUMMARY: The concept of specific reading retardation assumes that there exists a stable group of under-achieving children whose classification is not simply age- or test-specific. This assumption was investigated longitudinally in a large sample of New Zealand children who were followed from age 7 to age 11 . Substantial overlap was found between groups classified as specific reading retarded at ages 7, 9, and 11 on the basis of Burt reading and WISC-R Performance 1Q scores. At age 11, there was also substantial agreement between classifications based on three separate measures of reading achievement, although there was evidence of test-specific factors unique to comprehension- versus word recognition-based classifications. Agreement between classifications at age I1 based on WISC-R Performance 1Q and Fullscale IQ was high. The data indicated the existence of a fairly stable group of children characterised by enduring under-achievement in reading throughout the primary years of schooling.
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An evaluation of the Malaise Inventory | 1986
McGee, R., Williams, S.M., Silva,
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Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 1986, 30(30), 147-152.
Link to full publication »
Our ref: RO64
This paper reports some psychometric properties of the Malaise Inventory of Rutter and colleagues from a longitudinal study of a large sample of New Zealand mothers. Malaise scores were relatively stable over time and the scale showed good psychometric properties. The measure was also sensitive to potential sources of adversity in the backgrounds of the women. Some recommendations regarding a number of the questionnaire items are made.
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Reference interval for alkaline phosphatase, angiotensin converting enzyme, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and 8-glutamyl transferase in eleven year old children | 1985
Hurst, P.L., Lovell-Smith, C.J.
New Zealand Journal of Medical Laboratory Technology, 1985, 39(39), 103-108.
Our ref: NZ42
This paper presents the reference intervals for alkaline phosphatase, angiotensin converting enzyme, asparate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and 8-glutamyl transferase in 11 year old children.
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The prevalence and treatment of retained testes | 1985
Simpson, A., Laugesen, M., Silva,
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New Zealand Medical Journal, 1985, 98(98), 758-768.
Our ref: NZ41
A cohort of approximately 500 boys was screened for retained testes at ages five and seven years and when the boys were aged three, five, seven and nine years, their parents were questioned about hospitalisation for surgery. Orchidopexy for retained testes had been performed on 15 of the 536 boys (2.8%) while one other had orchidopexy for high retractile testes (0.2%). Eighty-one percent of this surgery was performed between the seventh and ninth years of age.
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Research Notice: The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit Bibliography of Publications and Reports, 1975-1983 | 1985
Silva, P.A.
New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 1985, 19(19), 188-189.
Our ref: NZ40
This research note describes the research unit's Annotated Bibliography of Publications and Reports 1975-1983 (see MO8) and provides an analysis of the first 160 publications and reports from the Research Unit. It is now superseded by this publication.
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Reading disability and middle ear disease | 1985
Share, D.L., Chalmers, D.J., Stewart,
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Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1985, 61(61), 400-401.
Our ref: RO78
The association between specific reading disability and middle ear disease was investigated in a longitudinal study of 962 children followed from age 5 to 11. No significant differences were found in the prevalence of middle ear abnormalities between the reading disabled group (n = 49) and the remainder.
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Motor function in dyslexic children with and without attentional disorders | 1985
Share, D.L., McGee, R., Silva,
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Journal of Human Movement Studies, 1985, 12(12), 313-320.
Our ref: RO76
This study investigated whether motor function may have diagnostic or aetiological significance in the identification of a subgroup of dyslexics characterized by attention deficits. Data from an epidemiological study of 480 New Zealand boys failed to support this suggestion. High-Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) dyslexics were not found to differ from low-ADD dyslexics on 26 out of 27 measures of motor function.
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Periodontal health in 12-year-old children [Abstract] | 1985
Yunus, N.N.N.
Journal of Dental Research, 1985, 65(65), 478.
Our ref: RO74
This abstract describes the results from examining the periodontal health (health of the gums) of 12 year old children.
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Pattern of caries in permanent incisors and first molars in 9-year-old children [Abstract] | 1985
Brown, R.H., Suckling, G.W.
Journal of Dental Research, 1985, 64(64), 650.
Our ref: RO73
In 1981-82, 697 children in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study had dental examinations at age 9. The examinations, by one investigator (GWS), occurred in school dental clinics using the same light source and standardised probes. The mean DMF-T score was 0.98, and mean DMF-S score was 1.21. The permanent dentitions of 54% of children were caries-free; 99% had all permanent incisors unaffected by caries, and 55% had all first permanent molars unaffected by caries. The percentages of surfaces of upper first permanent molars affected by caries were: occlusal 21%, mesial 1.2%, distal 0.9%, palatal 3.7%, buccal 1.0%. The corresponding figures for lower first permanent molars were: occlusal 17.9%, mesial 1.2%, distal 0.2%, lingual 0.2%, and buccal 10.9%. Prevention of fissure caries in this age group is a priority if further reduction in DMF is to be achieved.
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The prevalence of bronchial reactivity to inhaled methacholine in New Zealand children | 1985
Sears, M.R., Jones, D.T., Holdaway,
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Thorax, 1985, 41(41), 283-289.
Our ref: RO72
The prevalence of bronchial hyperreactivity to inhaled methacholine and of a clinical history of symptoms of asthma was determined in a birth cohort of 9 year old New Zealand children. A history of current or previous recurrent wheezing was obtained in 220 of 815 children. Of 800 who had spirometric tests, 27 (3.4%) had resting airflow obstruction (FEV1/FVC less than 75%). Methacholine challenge was undertaken without problem in 766 children, the abbreviated protocol being based on five breaths and four concentrations. A fall in FEV1 of more than 20% was observed in 176 children (23% of challenges, 22% of the full cohort) after inhalation of methacholine in concentrations of up to 25 mg/ml. The prevalence of bronchial reactivity in children with symptoms was related to the frequency of wheezing episodes in the last year, and the degree of reactivity to the interval since the last episode. Sixty four children (8.0%) with no history of wheeze or recurrent dry cough were, however, also responsive to methacholine 25 mg/ml or less, while 35% of children with current or previous wheezing did not respond to any dose of methacholine. Bronchial challenge by methacholine inhalation was not sufficiently sensitive or specific to be useful as a major criterion for the diagnosis of asthma in epidemiological studies. The occurrence of airway reactivity in children without symptoms of asthma, however, raises the possibility that adult onset asthma and the development of airways obstruction in some subjects with chronic bronchitis could have origins in childhood.
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A comparison of the predictive validity of the Reynell Developmental Language Scales, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale | 1985
Silva, P.A.
British Journal of Educational Psychology, 1985, 56(56), 201-204.
Our ref: RO71
This paper describes the predictive validity of the Reynell Developmental Language Scales, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale administered to preschool children. The dependent variables were intelligence and reading at ages 7, 9 and 11.
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The growth and development of twins compared with singletons at ages nine and eleven | 1985
Silva, P.A., Crosado, B.
Australian Paediatric Journal, 1985, 21(21), 27-30.
Our ref: RO70
The growth and development of 9 and 11-year old twins who have been studied at birth, and at ages 3, 5, and 7 years was compared with that of a large group of singletons. The twins were not significantly different to the singletons in language development, reading, spelling or Performance IQ. They remained significantly shorter, lighter and had smaller head circumferences. This difference was shown to have been fairly consistent from age 3. The twins had significantly lower Verbal and Full Scale IQ, but in view of a lack of disadvantage in educational progress this was not considered to be of any practical importance.
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The prevalence of developmental defects of enamel in 696 nine year old New Zealand children participating in a health and development study | 1985
Suckling, G.W., Brown, R.H., Herbison,
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Community Dental Health, 1985, 2(2), 303-320.
Our ref: RO68
This paper describes the nature and prevalence of enamel defects in 9 year old children.
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Mothers' knowledge of first aid - an exploratory study | 1985
Langley, J.D., Silva, P.A.
Australian Paediatric Journal, 1985, 56(56), 32-39.
Our ref: RO66
This paper assesses mother's knowledge of first aid and recommends some ways of improving the knowledge.
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Sleep in middle childhood - a longitudinal study of sleep problems in a large sample of Dunedin children aged 5 to 9 years | 1985
Clarkson, S.E., Williams, S.M., Silva,
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Australian Paediatric Journal, 1985, 22(22), 31-35.
Our ref: RO63
Complaints of sleeping difficulties in a large group of New Zealand children were studied prospectively over four years from 5 to 9 years of age. No association was found between sleeping difficulties and the sex, intelligence, or educational attainments of the child. Mothers who described their child as anxious or who were poor sleepers themselves tended to report sleeping problems in their child more frequently. There was no association between sleeping problems and teacher ratings of behaviour problems. Children who reported sleep problems also tended to report other problems. There was low agreement between parents and children. Only 0.3% of the total sample had a problem which persisted over the whole period.
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The control of product-related injuries in New Zealand | 1985
Langley, J.D.
Journal of Public Health Policy, 1985, 6(6), 100-115.
Our ref: RO62
This paper describes the control of product related injuries in New Zealand, their effectiveness, some principles involved and how improvements may be made.
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Factor structure and correlates of ratings of inattention, hyperactivity, and antisocial behavior in a large sample of 9-year-old children from the general population | 1985
McGee, R., Williams, S.M., Silva,
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Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1985, 53(53), 480-490.
Our ref: RO60
Teacher ratings of inattentive, impulsive, hyperactive, aggressive and anxious behaviours were obtained for a non-clinic-referred sample of 926 9-year-old children from Dunedin, New Zealand. Factor analysis of the ratings identified four factors of Inattention, Antisocial Behaviour, Hyperactivity, and Worry-Fearful. Subscales based on these factors were only weakly related to parent ratings of the same behaviours. Canonical correlational analysis indicated that both cognitive (performance IQ, reading and spelling) and motor (speech articulation and tapping speed) abilities best predicted the parent and teacher ratings of inattention. Family background measures, on the other hand, were associated primarily with the antisocial, hyperactive and worry ratings. Overall, the results suggest that inattention represents the core dysfunction in hyperactivity. it is argued that inattention, hyperactvity and antisocial behaviours should be regarded as at least partially independent dimensions.
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Some factors influencing the stature of Dunedin 7 year old children: a report from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit | 1985
Silva, P.A., Birkbeck, J.A., Williams,
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Australian Paediatric Journal, 1985, 21(21), 27-30..
Our ref: RO59
The stature of 987 representative Dunedin 7 year olds was measured and some factors contributing to stature were studied in 666 children for whom complete data were available. Dunedin children were of similar stature to American children but were about 1 cm taller than British children. Socio-economic status (SES), birthweight and maternal stature were significantly correlated with stature, while the sex of the child, gestational age, maternal age, ordinal position of the child in the family and number of children in the family were not significantly correlated. The effect of SES in Dunedin was much less than that reported for the United Kingdom. It was concluded that in this population, SES and family structural factors are probably less important as determinants of child growth than they are in Britain and are of considerably less importance than the mother's stature and the child's birth weight.
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Physical development in hyperactive boys | 1985
McGee, R., Birkbeck, J.A., Silva,
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Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1985, 27(27), 364-368.
Our ref: RO58
This paper describes associations between hyperactivity (with and without aggression) in boys and a range of anthropometric measures.
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Children's attachment to soft objects at bedtime, child rearing, and child development | 1985
Mahalski, P.A., Silva, P.A., Spears,
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Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1985, 24(24), 442-446.
Our ref: RO57
Research and theories about children's emotional attachment to blankets and soft toys are reviewed. New research is presented from an extensive study in Dunedin, New Zealand, on two samples of children between 18 months and 5 years. Interviews, questionnaires, and psychometric tests were given to the children and their mothers. Children who were emotionally attached to an object appeared to mature and adjust like other children. The only difference was that they were more likely to have a sucking habit. Mothers did not differ intellectually or in matters of discipline, adjustment, and child rearing. The younger children in the most affluent families were more likely to become attached compared with those from less affluent families, but survey techniques are inadequate for linking cause and effect which requires intensive observational studies during the first year of life.
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Injuries in the eighth and ninth years of life | 1985
Langley, J.D., Silva, P.A.
Australian Paediatric Journal, 1985, 21(21), 51-55.
Our ref: RO56
From a sample of 818 children, 211 were involved in 256 separate incidents which resulted in 283 injuries requiring medical attention. The most common injuries were lacerations, abrasions and contusions, fractures, concussion, and sprains. The majority of the injuries were minor. The most common incident resulting in injury was a fall, followed by incidents where the child struck against or was struck by an object or persons and incidents involving sharp objects. The nature and circumstances of the serious injuries is presented in detail. Methods of improving the description and the classification of childhood injuries and some incidents worthy of further investigation are discussed.
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Lack of long term effect of method of infant feeding on growth | 1985
Birkbeck, J.A., Buckfield, P.M., Silva,
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Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition, 1985, 39(39), 39-44.
Our ref: RO55
Although we have found that, at 7 years of age, children who were exclusively breast-fed in the first 3 months of life are significantly taller and slightly heavier than those exclusively formula-fed, correction for a variety of other familial factors can explain most of the differences. The breast-fed were longer at birth, had taller mothers, and came from families of higher socioeconomic status, although the last appears to act via maternal stature. There was no difference between the groups at age 7 in skeletal maturity, nor in fatness as measured by combined triceps plus subscapular fatfold. Apparent associations between the method of infant feeding and findings in later childhood must thus be interpreted with caution, since they may reflect differences between the characteristics of families choosing different methods of feeding rather than an effect of the feeding method itself.
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Family Environment Scale: A Dunedin (New Zealand) pilot study | 1985
Parnicky, J.J., Williams, S.M., Silva,
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Australian Psychologist, 1985, 20(20), 195-204.
Our ref: RO54
This paper describes the results from the Family Environment Scale obtained with Dunedin mothers, and compares these with American results.
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Some factors associated with reading ability: a longitudinal study | 1985
Williams, S.M., Silva, P.A.
Educational Research, 1985, 27(27), 159-168.
Our ref: RO53
This paper describes the contribution of a wide range of variables to reading ability at age seven and nine.
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Children's attitudes to alcohol and awareness of alcohol related problems | 1985
Casswell, S., Brasch, P.E., Gilmore,
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British Journal of Addiction, 1985, 80(80), 191-194.
Our ref: RO52
This paper describes the drinking patterns of children and associations between these and parental drinking patterns. Attitudes to alcohol and alcohol related problems are also reported.
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The Rutter Scale for completion by teachers: factor structure and relationship with cognitive abilities and family adversity for a sample of New Zealand children | 1985
McGee, R., Williams, S.M., Bradshaw,
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Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1985, 26(26), 727-739.
Our ref: RO51
A large sample of 7-year-old children (n = 940) was rated by teachers using the Rutter Child Scale B, a 26-item questionnaire covering a variety of behavioural problems. A factor analysis of the data revealed three main factors of interest, identified as aggressiveness, hyperactivity and anxiety-fearfulness. Measures based upon these factors had a reasonably high level of reliability and were moderately stable over a 2-year interval. An analysis of the relationship between these three behavioural measures and some cognitive measures indicated that only hyperactivity was negatively associated with cognitive ability. However, both hyperactivity and aggressiveness were related to adversity in the child's family background. The findings suggest the usefulness of distinguishing between aggressive and hyperactive dimensions of behaviour.
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