Publications
All peer reviewed publications are listed below.
Displaying page 21 of 23.
The control of product-related injuries in New Zealand | 1985
Langley, J.D.
Journal of Public Health Policy, 1985, 6(6), 100-115.
Our ref: RO62
This paper describes the control of product related injuries in New Zealand, their effectiveness, some principles involved and how improvements may be made.
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Factor structure and correlates of ratings of inattention, hyperactivity, and antisocial behavior in a large sample of 9-year-old children from the general population | 1985
McGee, R., Williams, S.M., Silva,
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Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1985, 53(53), 480-490.
Our ref: RO60
Teacher ratings of inattentive, impulsive, hyperactive, aggressive and anxious behaviours were obtained for a non-clinic-referred sample of 926 9-year-old children from Dunedin, New Zealand. Factor analysis of the ratings identified four factors of Inattention, Antisocial Behaviour, Hyperactivity, and Worry-Fearful. Subscales based on these factors were only weakly related to parent ratings of the same behaviours. Canonical correlational analysis indicated that both cognitive (performance IQ, reading and spelling) and motor (speech articulation and tapping speed) abilities best predicted the parent and teacher ratings of inattention. Family background measures, on the other hand, were associated primarily with the antisocial, hyperactive and worry ratings. Overall, the results suggest that inattention represents the core dysfunction in hyperactivity. it is argued that inattention, hyperactvity and antisocial behaviours should be regarded as at least partially independent dimensions.
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Some factors influencing the stature of Dunedin 7 year old children: a report from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit | 1985
Silva, P.A., Birkbeck, J.A., Williams,
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Australian Paediatric Journal, 1985, 21(21), 27-30..
Our ref: RO59
The stature of 987 representative Dunedin 7 year olds was measured and some factors contributing to stature were studied in 666 children for whom complete data were available. Dunedin children were of similar stature to American children but were about 1 cm taller than British children. Socio-economic status (SES), birthweight and maternal stature were significantly correlated with stature, while the sex of the child, gestational age, maternal age, ordinal position of the child in the family and number of children in the family were not significantly correlated. The effect of SES in Dunedin was much less than that reported for the United Kingdom. It was concluded that in this population, SES and family structural factors are probably less important as determinants of child growth than they are in Britain and are of considerably less importance than the mother's stature and the child's birth weight.
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Physical development in hyperactive boys | 1985
McGee, R., Birkbeck, J.A., Silva,
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Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1985, 27(27), 364-368.
Our ref: RO58
This paper describes associations between hyperactivity (with and without aggression) in boys and a range of anthropometric measures.
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Children's attachment to soft objects at bedtime, child rearing, and child development | 1985
Mahalski, P.A., Silva, P.A., Spears,
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Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1985, 24(24), 442-446.
Our ref: RO57
Research and theories about children's emotional attachment to blankets and soft toys are reviewed. New research is presented from an extensive study in Dunedin, New Zealand, on two samples of children between 18 months and 5 years. Interviews, questionnaires, and psychometric tests were given to the children and their mothers. Children who were emotionally attached to an object appeared to mature and adjust like other children. The only difference was that they were more likely to have a sucking habit. Mothers did not differ intellectually or in matters of discipline, adjustment, and child rearing. The younger children in the most affluent families were more likely to become attached compared with those from less affluent families, but survey techniques are inadequate for linking cause and effect which requires intensive observational studies during the first year of life.
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Injuries in the eighth and ninth years of life | 1985
Langley, J.D., Silva, P.A.
Australian Paediatric Journal, 1985, 21(21), 51-55.
Our ref: RO56
From a sample of 818 children, 211 were involved in 256 separate incidents which resulted in 283 injuries requiring medical attention. The most common injuries were lacerations, abrasions and contusions, fractures, concussion, and sprains. The majority of the injuries were minor. The most common incident resulting in injury was a fall, followed by incidents where the child struck against or was struck by an object or persons and incidents involving sharp objects. The nature and circumstances of the serious injuries is presented in detail. Methods of improving the description and the classification of childhood injuries and some incidents worthy of further investigation are discussed.
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Lack of long term effect of method of infant feeding on growth | 1985
Birkbeck, J.A., Buckfield, P.M., Silva,
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Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition, 1985, 39(39), 39-44.
Our ref: RO55
Although we have found that, at 7 years of age, children who were exclusively breast-fed in the first 3 months of life are significantly taller and slightly heavier than those exclusively formula-fed, correction for a variety of other familial factors can explain most of the differences. The breast-fed were longer at birth, had taller mothers, and came from families of higher socioeconomic status, although the last appears to act via maternal stature. There was no difference between the groups at age 7 in skeletal maturity, nor in fatness as measured by combined triceps plus subscapular fatfold. Apparent associations between the method of infant feeding and findings in later childhood must thus be interpreted with caution, since they may reflect differences between the characteristics of families choosing different methods of feeding rather than an effect of the feeding method itself.
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Family Environment Scale: A Dunedin (New Zealand) pilot study | 1985
Parnicky, J.J., Williams, S.M., Silva,
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Australian Psychologist, 1985, 20(20), 195-204.
Our ref: RO54
This paper describes the results from the Family Environment Scale obtained with Dunedin mothers, and compares these with American results.
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Some factors associated with reading ability: a longitudinal study | 1985
Williams, S.M., Silva, P.A.
Educational Research, 1985, 27(27), 159-168.
Our ref: RO53
This paper describes the contribution of a wide range of variables to reading ability at age seven and nine.
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Children's attitudes to alcohol and awareness of alcohol related problems | 1985
Casswell, S., Brasch, P.E., Gilmore,
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British Journal of Addiction, 1985, 80(80), 191-194.
Our ref: RO52
This paper describes the drinking patterns of children and associations between these and parental drinking patterns. Attitudes to alcohol and alcohol related problems are also reported.
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The Rutter Scale for completion by teachers: factor structure and relationship with cognitive abilities and family adversity for a sample of New Zealand children | 1985
McGee, R., Williams, S.M., Bradshaw,
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Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1985, 26(26), 727-739.
Our ref: RO51
A large sample of 7-year-old children (n = 940) was rated by teachers using the Rutter Child Scale B, a 26-item questionnaire covering a variety of behavioural problems. A factor analysis of the data revealed three main factors of interest, identified as aggressiveness, hyperactivity and anxiety-fearfulness. Measures based upon these factors had a reasonably high level of reliability and were moderately stable over a 2-year interval. An analysis of the relationship between these three behavioural measures and some cognitive measures indicated that only hyperactivity was negatively associated with cognitive ability. However, both hyperactivity and aggressiveness were related to adversity in the child's family background. The findings suggest the usefulness of distinguishing between aggressive and hyperactive dimensions of behaviour.
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Laterality, cognitive ability and motor performance in a sample of seven year olds | 1985
Clymer, P.E., Silva, P.A.
Journal of Human Movement Studies, 1985, 11(11), 59-68.
Our ref: RO50
SUMMARY This study examined hand, eye, and foot laterality in a sample of 890 7-yr-old children to determine whether the degree of left and right congruence between hand, eye, and foot preference related to a variety of measures of cognitive ability or motor performance or whether there was an association between hand, eye, and foot preferences and differences in cognitive ability and motor performance. With regard to left and right congruence, the only significant difference found related to a test of target throwing. There was a decrease in target throwing ability with decreased total left or right congruence. When the sample was grouped according to strength of left or right preference and all the measures were compared, there were no significant differences. Overall, this study found no significant association between any aspect of laterality studied and cognitive ability and only one significant association between laterality and a measure of motor performance. The implications of these results are discussed.
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Some characteristics of nine year old boys with general reading backwardness and specific reading retardation | 1985
Silva, P.A., McGee, R., Williams,
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Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1985, 26(26), 407-421.
Our ref: RO44
In 1975 Rutter and Yule distinguished between 'specific reading retardation' and 'general reading backwardness'. In a sample of 952 9-year-olds from Dunedin, New Zealand, 4.2% were identified as specific reading retarded and 4.1% as having general reading backwardness. Boys from each problem group were compared with boys without reading delay. General reading backwardness was associated with a history of long-term cognitive and motor delay. Specific reading retardation was only associated with lower verbal IQ and poor speech articulation. A number of differences between the findings of Rutter and Yule and the present results were noted.
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The prevalence of smoking among nine year olds | 1984
Oei, T.P.S., Brasch, P.E., Silva,
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New Zealand Medical Journal, 1984, 77(77), 528-531.
Our ref: NZ39
This study reported the results of a survey on smoking conducted by the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit of 779 nine year old children in their sample. By the age of nine, 275 (35.3%) of the children had tried to smoke a cigarette, even just a few puffs, and 636 (81.7%) did not have any friends who smoked. Most of these children knew about the adverse effects of smoking on health and most of this information did not come from their parents. They also reported that 63% of the mothers and 75% of the fathers did not give them information on smoking. The findings suggested (1) that health education programmes for the prevention of smoking by children should start prior to age nine (2) that a programme focusing on the negative aspects of smoking on health would probably not be very beneficial and (3) that parents should be recruited as health educators and used more efficiently in giving children more information about smoking.
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Vision and eye problems in seven year olds: A report from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit | 1984
Simpson, A., Kirkland, C., Silva,
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New Zealand Medical Journal, 1984, 97(97), 445-449.
Our ref: NZ38
An eye examination, including tests of distance visual acuity, near visual acuity, cover tests, and an examination of pupils, eyes, adnexia, and eye movements, was carried out on 988 Dunedin children within approximately one month of their seventh birthday. Information concerning glasses and patching of one eye was obtained by questionnaire. Eye defects were noted in 9.4% of the children with several having more than one problem. Eye defects noted included 5.1% with unaided distance visual acuity of 6/12 or worse in one or both eyes, 4.4% with near visual acuity of the equivalent of N8 or worse in one or both eyes, 3.9% had manifest strabismus, 2.9% had had occlusion of one eye for amblyopia, and 1.2% had other important eye defects. Glasses had been prescribed for 3.6%.
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Two safety aspects of public playground climbing equipment | 1984
Langley, J.D., Crosado, B.
New Zealand Medical Journal, 1984, 97(97), 404-406.
Our ref: NZ37
This paper describes the height of and surface under public playground climbing equipment in Dunedin. These findings, among others, led to revision of the New Zealand Standard for Playgrounds.
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Eysenck Personality Inventory Scores from 1011 New Zealand women: A report from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Child Development Study | 1984
McKerracher, D.W., McGee, R., Silva,
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New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 1984, 19(19), 82.
Our ref: NZ26
This report describes results from use of the Eysenck Personality Inventory with mothers. Form B was recommended as superior to Form A.
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Bronchial reactivity in children without asthma [Abstract] | 1984
Sears, M.R., Holdaway, M.D., Hewitt,
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Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine, 1984, 14(14), 542.
Our ref: RO61
This paper describes bronchial reactivity to methacholine in children who did not have asthma.
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Injury control - psychosocial considerations | 1984
Langley, J.D.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1984, 25(25), 349-356.
Our ref: RO49
This paper presents a critical review of the literature on associations between psychosocial factors and injuries in children.
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Factors associated with the initiation of smoking in nine year old children | 1984
Oei, T.P.S., Egan, A.M., Silva,
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Journal of Addictive Diseases (fmr Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse), 1984, 5(5), 79-89.
Our ref: RO48
The present study examined the relationship between 787 (415 boys and 372 girls) nine year old children's reported experience with cigarettes and the parents, home environment, peers, socioeconomic status, school performance and behavior or emotional problems and delinquency factors which had in the past been found to be influential during the formative stages of initiation into the use of tobacco. The 787 children (415 boys and 372 girls) were classified as either puffers (those who had puffed on a cigarette) or nonpuffers. The results suggest than, at age nine, puffers were more likely than nonpuffers to: intend to smoke in the future; have one or both parents smoking; have one, or more, smoking friend(s); do less well at maths and school work in general; misbehave more often; and be taken to see a psychologist regarding a behavioral or emotional problem.
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Academic self-concept: Some developmental and emotional correlates in nine-year-old children | 1984
Chapman, J.W., Silva, P.A., Williams,
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British Journal of Educational Psychology, 1984, 54(54), 284-292.
Our ref: RO47
Eight hundred 9-year-old children being studied by the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit were assessed in terms of academic self-concept, intelligence, and school performance. A short form of the Student's Perception of Ability Scale (SPAS) was used to estimate academic self-concept. Intelligence was assessed by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), reading by the Burt Word Reading Test, spelling by a short form of the Dunedin Spelling Test, comprehension and expression by the respective subscales in the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA), and school achievement by parents' perceptions of current attainment levels. The results indicate that the SPAS Short Form yields means, standard deviations, and internal reliability estimates that are consistent with other studies. In addition, sex differences were noted, with girls reporting slightly higher self-perceptions of ability than boys. In terms of correlations between academic self-concept and school-related ability and performance, it was found that SPAS subject-specific subscale scores correlated moderately with corresponding subject area performance, but weakly or negligibly with WISC-Rand ITPA Comprehension and Expression scores. Perceptions of ability, therefore, appear to be relatively independent of intelligence,
and more related to success levels in school. It was also found that children identified as reading retarded had significantly lower self-perceptions of ability than normal readers. Similarly, depressed children indicated relatively negative self-concepts compared to past depressed and non-depressed children.
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A longitudinal study of enuresis from five to nine years | 1984
McGee, R., Makinson, T.L., Williams,
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Australian Paediatric Journal, 1984, 20(20), 39-42.
Our ref: RO45
The prevalence of primary and secondary enuresis was examined longitudinally in a large sample of New Zealand children at ages 5, 7, and 9 years. While the prevalence of primary enuresis fell over time, secondary enuresis increased in prevalence between 5 and 7 years. There were no sex differences. An examination of some of the developmental and background characteristics of the sample indicated that enuresis was not associated with neurodevelopmental delay or 'psychosocial' factors. However, there were strong, long term associations between secondary enuresis and behavioural deviance. The behavioural results suggested that behaviour problems did not arise as a consequence of enuresis, but rather preceded it.
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A longitudinal study of the intelligence and behaviour of children who were pre-term and children who were small for gestational age | 1984
Silva, P.A., McGee, R., Williams,
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Developmental and Behavioural Paediatrics, 1984, 5(5), 1-5.
Our ref: RO43
A large sample of children (n = 850) from Dunedin, New Zealand, were classified into three groups, preterm (n = 31), small for gestational age (SGA; n = 71), and full-term, normal birth weight (n = 748). These groups were compared on intelligence measures taken at ages 3, 5, 7, and 9 years of age and parent and teacher behavior reports at 5, 7, and 9 years. The SGA group but not the preterm group had significantly lower IQ scores than the normal birth weight children. In addition, the mothers of the SGA children reported more behavior problems. These differences were not attributable to socioeconomic disadvantage in the SGA group. The results suggest it is better to be born too early than too small.
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A seven year follow-up of the cognitive development of children who experienced common perinatal problems | 1984
Silva, P.A., McGee, R., Williams,
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Australian Paediatric Journal, 1984, 20(20), 23-28.
Our ref: RO42
The prevalence of perinatal problems in a sample of 1037 children was described. There was no significant association between perinatal problems and socio-economic status. The association between perinatal problems and cognitive development was examined by stepwise regression analyses of the more common perinatal problems on cognitive factor scores, using measures of language and intelligence taken when the children were aged 3, 5, and 7 years. Of 14 perinatal problems analysed in this manner, only two, being a twin or being small for gestational age, were found to be consistently associated with a significantly lower cognitive factor score.
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Description and classification of childhood burns | 1984
Langley, J.D.
Burns, 1984, 10(10), 231-235.
Our ref: RO41
This paper describes shortcomings in the ICD codes for describing burn injuries and argues for the need for better methods of describing the sequence of events resulting in burn injuries.
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Some developmental and behavioural characteristics of seven year old children with delayed speech development | 1984
Silva, P.A., Justin C., McGee, R.,
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European (fmr Br) Journal of Disorders of Communication, 1984, 19(19), 147-154.
Our ref: RO40
This report describes some characteristics of seven year old children with delayed speech development.
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The relationship between fluoridation and socio-economic status on dental caries experience in 5-year-old New Zealand children | 1984
Evans, R.W., Beck, D.J., Brown,
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Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 1984, 12(12), 5-9.
Our ref: RO39
This article examines the relationship between previous fluoridation and socioeconomic status on caries experience, as measured by the dmf index, in 5-yr-old New Zealand children in the city of Dunedin (fluoridated in 1967) and in adjacent non-fluoride communities. The children were subdivided into six socioeconomic status groups (SES 1, professional and managerial-SES 6, unskilled workers), but then for simplicity they were combined to form three groups. A two-way analysis of variance demonstrated that interaction between fluoride history and socioeconomic status was not significant. In all three SES groups, dmf was higher in non-fluoride communities, but the difference was significant only in SES group (5&6) (P less than 0.01). Caries experience increased with decreasing socioeconomic status in both fluoride and non-fluoride communities, but this effect was only significant between SES groups (1&2) and (3&4) in the fluoridated community (P less than 0.05), and between SES groups (3&4) and (5&6) in non-fluoride communities (P less than 0.01). These results are compared with those of similar studies, and it is concluded that so far, the relationship between previous fluoridation and socioeconomic status on caries experience remains equivocal. A note of caution is sounded regarding the interpretation of such results, and the difficulties faced when comparing studies is discussed.
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Some biological, developmental and social correlates of gross and fine motor development | 1984
Silva, P.A., Birkbeck, J.A., Russell,
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Journal of Human Movement Studies, 1984, 10(10), 35-51.
Our ref: RO38
This paper presents an analysis of factors contributing to gross and fine motor development.
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Background characteristics of aggressive, hyperactive and aggressive-hyperactive boys | 1984
McGee, R., Williams, S.M., Silva,
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Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1984, 23(23), 280-284.
Our ref: RO37
In a previous study by the authors (1984), the behavioral and developmental characteristics of aggressive boys, hyperactive boys and boys who were both aggressive and hyperactive were examined. This report investigates the perinatal histories, maternal and family characteristics of these same groups, and a comparison group not identified as aggressive or hyperactive. The four groups did not differ in terms of their perinatal histories. While boys with problems differed from those without, clear differences among the problem groups did not emerge. The results did suggest, however, that quality of family life varied to some degree among the problem groups.
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Behavioural and developmental characteristics of aggressive, hyperactive and aggressive-hyperactive boys | 1984
McGee, R., Williams, S.M., Silva,
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Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1984, 23(23), 270-274.
Our ref: RO36
This paper examines the behavioural and developmental characteristics of aggressive, hyperactive and aggressive-hyperactive boys.
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Perinatal, neurological, environmental and developmental characteristics of seven year old children with stable behaviour problems | 1984
McGee, R., Silva, P.A., Williams,
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Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1984, 25(25), 573-586.
Our ref: RO31
From a large sample of 7-yr-olds in Dunedin, New Zealand, a group of 52 boys and 32 girls with stable behaviour problems was selected and compared with the remainder of the sample. The groups did not differ in terms of perinatal problems except for a higher prevalence of being small for gestational age in the problem group. The mothers of the problem children tended to be younger, to have lower mental ability and poorer health than the rest of the sample. The families of the problem children were rated as having poorer relationships, and there was more parental separation and solo parenting in this group. Finally, the children with stable problems showed cognitive delays at age 7 yr.
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Behaviour problems in a population of seven year old children: prevalence, stability and types of disorder | 1984
McGee, R., Silva, P.A., Williams,
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Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1984, 25(25), 251-259.
Our ref: RO29
A sample of 951 children in Dunedin, New Zealand was assessed at age 7 years to examine the prevalence, nature and stability of behaviour problems. The identification of children with behaviour problems was based upon reports of parents and teachers. About 30% of the sample were identified by the parent and/or teacher as having a high level of problem behaviour. The most prevalent problem reported was antisocial behaviour, which was more common among boys than girls. Over 9% of the sample were identified as having a stable behaviour problem. Such stable problems were associated with specific reading retardation, independent ratings of behaviour during psychological testing and use of professional services for help. These children, together with those identified by both parent and teacher at age 7 years, should be regarded as having a significant behaviour disorder.
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The Otago photoscreener, a method for the mass screening of infants to detect squint and refractive errors | 1983
Molteno, A.C.B., Hoare-Nairne, J., Parr,
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Transactions of the Ophthalmological Society of New Zealand, 1983, 35(35), 43-49.
Our ref: NZ36
This paper describes the development of a photographic method for screening for vision disorders and some results from a comparison of this method and conventional diagnosis.
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Early experiences with alcohol: a survey of an eight and nine year old sample | 1983
Casswell, S., Gilmore, L.L., Silva,
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New Zealand Medical Journal, 1983, 96(96), 1001-1003.
Our ref: NZ35
This paper describes the nine year children's experience of drinking alcoholic beverages, their sources of information about alcohol, and their knowledge about the effects of alcohol.
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Fencing of private swimming pools in New Zealand | 1983
Langley, J.D.
Community Health Studies, 1983, 7(7), 285-289.
Our ref: NZ34
This paper advocates the fencing of private swimming pools as a means of preventing drowning accidents.
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Childhood burns | 1983
Langley, J.D., Tobin, P.
New Zealand Medical Journal, 1983, 96(96), 681-684.
Our ref: NZ33
This reports describes a five year retrospective study of children admitted to Dunedin Hospital for treatment of burn injuries.
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A preliminary evaluation of the use of an automatic tympanometer in the diagnosis of otitis media with effusion in children: A report from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit | 1983
Stewart, I.A., Jenkin, L., Kirkland,
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New Zealand Medical Journal, 1983, 96(96), 252-255.
Our ref: NZ32
Microscopic examination by two trained examiners, conventional impedance tympanometry by a trained audiometrist, automatic impedance tympanometry by a person with minimal training and puretone audiometry by trained audiometrists were compared in 468 ears, studied blind. There was complete examiner agreement in microscopic examination in 465 (99.3%) ears, minor disagreement in three (0.7%) ears. There was a more complex relationship between examination methods, with microscopic evidence of effusion being present in 88.2% of ears showing B tympanograms to conventional tympanometry and in 66.7% of ears to automatic tympanometry. Automatic tympanometry provides a reasonably accurate method of detecting middle ear effusion, but tends to overdiagnose this condition compared to alternate methods.
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Blood pressure in a cohort of Dunedin seven year olds | 1983
Simpson, A., Birkbeck, J.A., Silva,
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New Zealand Medical Journal, 1983, 96(96), 116-118.
Our ref: NZ31
Blood pressure, pulse measurements, socio-economic status, and anthropometric data were recorded in 982 children within approximately one month of their seventh birthdays. The means, standard deviations, and 95th centiles are reported for systolic, diastolic phase IV, and diastolic phase V blood pressure. There was no significant difference between the socio-economic levels for any measure of blood pressure. Systolic blood pressure was slightly but significantly higher in boys than in girls; this difference disappeared after correction for height. There were small but significant correlations between blood pressure and pulse rate, weight, height, arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, and indices of obesity and body size. After adjustment for weight, the associations of systolic blood pressure with height, body mass index, and arm circumference were no longer significant.
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Student's perception of ability scale: development of a short form | 1983
Chapman, J.W., Silva, P.A., Boersma,
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Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1983, 57(57), 799-802.
Our ref: RO46
This paper describes the technical properties of the short form of the Students Perception of Ability Scale.
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Socio-economic status and childhood accidents | 1983
Langley, J.D., Silva, P.A., Williams,
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Australian Paediatric Journal, 1983, 19(19), 237-240.
Our ref: RO35
This study found no significant relationship between four measures of socio-economic status and child injuries.
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